Spring-based shock absorbers commonly use coil springs or leaf springs, though torsion bars are used in torsional shocks as well. Effective wheel bounce damping may require tuning shocks to an optimal resistance. Along with hysteresis in the tire itself, they damp the energy stored in the motion of the unsprung weight up and down.
Some people use shocks to modify spring rates but this is not the correct use. Spring rates are chosen by the manufacturer based on the weight of the vehicle, loaded and unloaded. Shock absorbers use valving of oil and gasses to absorb excess energy from the springs. While shock absorbers serve the purpose of limiting excessive suspension movement, their intended sole purpose is to damp spring oscillations. In a vehicle, shock absorbers reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality and vehicle handling. In general terms, shock absorbers help cushion vehicles on uneven roads. In other types of shock absorbers, such as electromagnetic types, the dissipated energy can be stored and used later. In hydraulic cylinders, the hydraulic fluid heats up, while in air cylinders, the hot air is usually exhausted to the atmosphere. In most shock absorbers, energy is converted to heat inside the viscous fluid. One design consideration, when designing or choosing a shock absorber, is where that energy will go. An automobile shock absorber contains spring-loaded check valves and orifices to control the flow of oil through an internal piston (see below). Pneumatic and hydraulic shock absorbers are used in conjunction with cushions and springs.
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